Types of Problems

Types of Problems

Problems do not always have straightforward solutions. Some problems, such as balancing a checkbook or baking a cake, can be solved with a series of actions. These solutions are called algorithmic solutions.

Once the alternatives have been eliminated, for example, and once one has chosen the best among several methods of balancing the checkbook, the solution can be reached by completing the actions in steps. These steps are called the algorithm.

The solutions of other problems, such as how to buy the best stock or whether to expand the company, are not so straightforward. These solutions require reasoning built on knowledge and experience, and a process of trial and error. Solutions that cannot be reached through a direct set of steps are called heuristic solutions.

A heuristic technique, often called simply a heuristic, is any approach to problem solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method, not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but instead sufficient for reaching an immediate goal. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.

The problem solver can use the six steps for both algorithmic and heuristic solutions. However, in step 6, evaluating the solution, the correctness and appropriateness of heuristic solutions are far less certain. It’s easy to tell if your completed checkbook balance is correct and satisfactory, but it’s hard to tell if you have bought the best stock. With heuristic solutions, the problem solver will often need to follow the six steps more than once, carefully evaluating each possible solution before deciding which is best.

Furthermore, this same solution may not be correct and satisfactory at another time, so the problem solver may have to reevaluate and resolve the same problem later. The stock that did well in January may do poorly in June. Most problems require a combination of the two kinds of solutions.